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Module 10 of 17

Chartwork

Course to steer, position fixing, waypoints, dead reckoning, and estimated position.

Course to steerUse of waypoints to fix positionSatellite-derived positionsTechniques of visual fixingDead reckoning and estimated position

Lesson summaries

Use this module hub to choose the right lesson, then open the dedicated lesson page for the complete explanation, worked examples, FAQs, and practice questions.

What Is Chartwork?

Chartwork is the practical skill of plotting courses, fixing positions, and working out navigational problems on a nautical chart. It is the core of Day Skipper navigation and forms the b...

  • Chartwork = practical navigation using charts and instruments
  • Forms the basis of the chartwork exam paper
Read the full what is chartwork? lesson

Dead Reckoning (DR) and Estimated Position (EP)

Dead Reckoning (DR) is the process of estimating your position based solely on your course steered and distance run through the water — without accounting for tidal stream or leeway. It g...

  • DR = course + distance only (no tide, no leeway)
  • EP = DR + tidal stream + leeway (more accurate)
Read the full dead reckoning (dr) and estimated position (ep) lesson

Position Fixing

A fix is a position determined from observations — it is more reliable than a DR or EP. Common methods include: visual bearings (take compass bearings of two or three charted objects and...

  • Fix = position from observations (more reliable than DR/EP)
  • Three visual bearings give a 'cocked hat' fix
Read the full position fixing lesson

Course to Steer (CTS)

The course to steer is the compass course you need to follow to make good a desired ground track, after allowing for tidal stream, leeway, and compass errors. It involves constructing a v...

  • CTS accounts for tide, leeway, and compass errors
  • Vector triangle: tidal stream + water track = ground track
Read the full course to steer (cts) lesson

Waypoints and GPS Navigation

A waypoint is a position defined by latitude and longitude, used to mark turning points or destinations on a passage. Modern GPS and chart plotters navigate between waypoints and display...

  • Waypoint = a Lat/Long position used for navigation
  • GPS gives bearing, distance, XTE (cross-track error) to waypoints
Read the full waypoints and gps navigation lesson

Leeway

Leeway is the sideways drift caused by wind pushing the boat off course. A yacht sailing in strong winds will make leeway — the boat slides sideways to leeward. The amount depends on wind...

  • Leeway = sideways drift from wind (typically 3–10°)
  • Applied as a correction to course steered
Read the full leeway lesson

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